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Fishing card game
Cassino The Great Cassino Origin England Type Fishing Family Matching Players 2–4 (2 best) Skills Tactics Cards 52 4️⃣ Deck French-suited pack Play Clockwise Playing time 10-15 min. Chance Medium Related games Skwitz • Tablanette • Zwickern
Cassino, sometimes spelt 4️⃣ Casino, is an English card game for two to four players using a standard, 52-card, French-suited pack.[1] It is the 4️⃣ only fishing game to have penetrated the English-speaking world.[1] It is similar to the later Italian game of Scopa and 4️⃣ is often said, without substantiation, to be of Italian origin. Cassino is still played today in Madeira, probably due to 4️⃣ English influence.[2]
History [ edit ]
Although Cassino is often claimed to be of Italian origin, detailed research by Franco Pratesi has 4️⃣ shown that there is no evidence of it ever being played in Italy and the earliest references to its Italian 4️⃣ cousins, Scopa and Scopone, post-date those of Cassino.[3] The spelling "Cassino" is used in the earliest rules of 1792 and 4️⃣ is the most persistent spelling since,[4] although German sources invariably use the spelling "Casino" along with some English sources.
Likewise an 4️⃣ origin in gambling dens appears unlikely since a casino in the late 18th century was a summer house or country 4️⃣ villa; the name was not transferred to gambling establishments until later.[5]
In fact, as "Cassino", the game is first recorded in 4️⃣ 1792 in England[4] where it appears to have become something of a fashionable craze,[3] and certainly well known enough for 4️⃣ Mrs. Scatter to declare "I do long for a game of Cassino" in Frederic Reynolds' 1797 comedy, Cheap Living.[6][a] At 4️⃣ that stage, the court cards had no numerical value and could only be paired, and there was no building; that 4️⃣ did not appear in English rules until the second half of the century.[7] The counting cards were the Aces and 4️⃣ two special cards known as the 'Great Cassino' (♦10) and 'Little Cassino' (♠2).[4] As the game developed, further counters were 4️⃣ added.
One country to follow hard on English heels was Austria-Hungary where, as early as 1795 in Vienna and Prague, rules 4️⃣ were published that incorporated English terminology such as "sweep" and "lurch."[8] Initially the rules followed those in English sources, but 4️⃣ as early as 1810, a markedly different variant appeared in which the court cards, Aces and Cassinos became far more 4️⃣ potent. The courts were given values of 11, 12 and 13 respectively, the Aces could be valued at 14 as 4️⃣ well as 1, the Great Cassino at 10 or 16 and the Little Cassino at 2 or 15.[9] This elaboration 4️⃣ of the Cassino went unnoticed in its country of origin and across the Atlantic, apart from a fleeting observation in 4️⃣ 1846 by Lady Sarah Nicolas in 1846 who recounts that "the game of Cassino is thus played in some parts 4️⃣ of Germany:- Great Cassino takes sixteen. Little Cassino – fifteen. Every Ace – fourteen. King – thirteen. Queen – twelve. 4️⃣ Knave – eleven."[10]
Rules continued to be published in German until at least 1975,[11] but the game seems to have waned 4️⃣ in Germany and Austria towards the end of the 19th century.
However, while the game began to fade away in England, 4️⃣ it was in America that Cassino gained its second wind in the second half of the 19th century, initially due 4️⃣ to new moves such as building and calling and, later, through several interesting new variants that emerged, including what became 4️⃣ Royal Cassino, in which court cards were given a numerical value as in German Cassino such that they could capture 4️⃣ two or more cards, and Spade Cassino, in which players scored for the most Spades, and Diamond Cassino, in which 4️⃣ three cards are dealt instead of four. Royal Cassino is mentioned as early as 1894 when we learn that a 4️⃣ passenger on a line from New York to London played the game with a doctor and his wife[12] but its 4️⃣ rules first appear in English Foster's Complete Hoyle of 1897.[13] Cassino was eventually eclipsed by Gin Rummy.[3]
By the early 20th 4️⃣ century, Cassino itself was obsolete everywhere, but two successors were emerging. Zwickern, a north German variant, introduced up to 6 4️⃣ Jokers as special cards and grew so popular that bespoke packs were made for it. Today the game is still 4️⃣ played in a few villages in Schleswig. Tablanette, another apparent variant in which the Kings, Queens, Knaves and Tens are 4️⃣ also counters, appeared in the late 19th in a German source[14] and later featured in one of Hubert Phillips' games 4️⃣ compendia in 1939. It does not seem to have caught on, although it may have gained more traction in its 4️⃣ various eastern European forms.[15]
English Cassino [ edit ]
These classic rules emerged in 1792 and remained largely unchanged until the mid-19th 4️⃣ century. The following are based on Long:[4]
The game is for two players using a standard pack. The dealer deals four 4️⃣ cards each and four to the table, placing the rest face down as the stock. Non-dealer plays the first card 4️⃣ and aims to capture as many cards from the table as possible that match the card played. For example, if 4️⃣ the table cards are 6–9–3–9–J, by playing a 9, a player may capture the 6 and 3 in combination as 4️⃣ well as two 9s. If a player is able to clear the table (later called a sweep) this scores 1 4️⃣ point. Captured cards are placed in a trick pile, face up, by the player who took them. A player unable 4️⃣ to capture anything must trail (add) a card to the table.
The players play cards alternately and when the first hand 4️⃣ of four is exhausted, the dealer deals four more cards each from the stock, but none to the table this 4️⃣ time. Play continues in this way until the stock is exhausted and the players have played their last hand of 4️⃣ four. Any cards left on the table are claimed by the last player to take a trick, unless the last 4️⃣ card played is a court card in which case its holder claims any remaining cards. In neither case does this 4️⃣ score a point.[b]
At the end of the hand, score as follows:
Feat Points Most cards 3 Great Cassino ( ♦ 10) 4️⃣ 2 Little Cassino ( ♠ 2) 1 Most spades 1 Each Ace 1 Each sweep 1
Thus there are 11 points 4️⃣ in the game plus the bonus points for sweeps. If players tie on cards or spades, no point is awarded. 4️⃣ The lower score is deducted from the higher and the winner scores the difference. Game is 11 points; if the 4️⃣ loser has less than 6, he or she is lurched and loses double.
Three-Handed Cassino [ edit ]
Only the scoring differs. 4️⃣ After totalling their points the two lower scores are combined and deducted from the highest score e.g. if A score 4️⃣ 8, B 2 and C 1, A scores 8 - (2 + 1) = 5 game points; but if A 4️⃣ has 5, B 4 and C 2, A scores nothing.
Four-Handed Cassino [ edit ]
There are two teams of two and 4️⃣ they follow Whist rules for cutting for places, dealing and scoring the games singly or double. They play a rubber 4️⃣ i.e. the best of 3 games.
American Cassino [ edit ]
In 1864, William Brisbane Dick, alias "Trumps", published the first rules 4️⃣ that included the feature of "building up", whereby players were allowed to place a card on an existing table card 4️⃣ and, by announcing their combined value, fix the build at that value. In 1867, however, Dick published an even more 4️⃣ elaborate set of rules that included "calling" for the first time. The rules were based on research that included testing 4️⃣ and approval by "the best players in this city".[c] The following is a summary of those rules:[17]
Overview [ edit ]
The 4️⃣ game is played by two, three, four or six players with a 52-card pack. Four play as two pairs.
Deal [ 4️⃣ edit ]
Players cut for deal and the player with the lowest card deals first. Ties 'cut over' and Aces are 4️⃣ low. Dealer gives each player four cards, singly, eldest hand first. Four cards are dealt to the table either regularly 4️⃣ as he deals or in packets of two, three or all four. After the first four hand cards are played, 4️⃣ the dealer deals another four each, singly, but none to the table, and this continues until all cards have been 4️⃣ played out.
Play [ edit ]
Eldest hand leads a card and then each player in turn plays one card which may 4️⃣ be used for:
Capturing. The played card may capture all table cards either by pairing – taking cards of the same 4️⃣ rank – or by combining – taking cards that, in combination, add up to the value of the played card.
Sweeping. 4️⃣ If a player captures all the table cards, this is a sweep and scores 1 point. The next player must 4️⃣ trail a card.
Calling. A player with 2 or more cards in hand of the same rank as one or more 4️⃣ table cards, may play one of them and call their rank e.g. "Fives". An opponent may only capture the card 4️⃣ by pairing, but may not build on that card or capture it as part of a combination.
Building. Simple Build. A 4️⃣ player may build by placing a hand card on a table card and announcing the total, thus fixing the value 4️⃣ of the build, e.g. Andrew holds 5 and 3, and there is a 2 on the table; he places the 4️⃣ 3 on the 2 and calls "Five". The cards of the build cannot now be taken separately but must be 4️⃣ capturing by pairing with a 5 or as part of a combination where the build counts as 5. Multiple Build. 4️⃣ A player may build on an opponent's build provided that player has a hand card matching the new total. Players 4️⃣ may not build on their own build in succession, but only alternately on the same build. Second Build. Players may 4️⃣ make a second build on a different card or make any other legal play before taking up the first build. 4️⃣ Build and Call. A player with more than one card that matches a build may play it onto the build 4️⃣ and call their values e.g. "Eights". This then counts as a call and fixes the value of both build and 4️⃣ played card. The player must then capture both by playing the remaining card on a later turn.
Trailing. A player unwilling 4️⃣ or unable to do any of the above must trail a card i.e. add it to the existing table cards, 4️⃣ face up.
Scoring [ edit ]
Points are scored at the end of each hand as in classic English Cassino, but instead 4️⃣ of game being 11 points, each deal is a complete game and the player or team with the most points 4️⃣ wins.
Variants [ edit ]
Twenty-one Point Cassino [ edit ]
Twenty-one Point Cassino appears for the first time in print in Dick's 4️⃣ 1880 Modern Pocket Hoyle where he says that "Cassino is now very generally played for a fixed number of points 4️⃣ (usually twenty-one)". The first player to the target score wins and the points are scored as soon as made. Sweeps 4️⃣ are not turned down "as in the single deal game" but scored as they are taken. A player who erroneously 4️⃣ claims to have won loses the game.[18]
Royal Cassino [ edit ]
Royal Cassino appears for the first time in Foster's Complete 4️⃣ Hoyle (1897), however the concept of giving values to the court cards was a Austro-German invention of the early 19th 4️⃣ century. The only difference from standard American Cassino is that Jacks are now worth 11, Queens 12 and Kings 13, 4️⃣ so that, for example, a Queen can capture and Ace and a Jack or a 7 and a 5.[19] In 4️⃣ a variation recorded by David Parlett, the Ace is worth 1 or 14 as desired.[20]
Spade Cassino [ edit ]
Also making 4️⃣ its first appearance in 1897 was the "interesting variation" of Spade Cassino in which every spade scored a point except 4️⃣ for the ♠J which scored 2. This replaced the usual score for "most spades" and gave 24 points per hand, 4️⃣ excluding sweeps. Game is 61 and hence it is scored on a cribbage board, all points being pegged as they 4️⃣ are made apart from "most cards" which is pegged at the end.[19]
Diamond Cassino [ edit ]
Diamond Cassino is a recent 4️⃣ variant that has been described as a "cross between Cassino and Scopa". Only 40 cards are used, the courts being 4️⃣ removed. Players are dealt three cards each, and four cards are dealt to the table. Game is 11 up and 4️⃣ players get 1 for most cards, 1 for most diamonds, 1 for the ♦7, 2 for all four 7s, 6s 4️⃣ or As, and 1 for each sweep.[21]
Draw Cassino [ edit ]
In Draw Cassino, first called Royal Draw Cassino,[22] players draw 4️⃣ a replacement card each time they make a play, so that they always have four cards in hand (until the 4️⃣ end), rather than being dealt cards in discrete rounds of four. It is a two-player game.[20]
Related games [ edit ]
There 4️⃣ are a number of other European fishing games in the same family as Cassino.
Callabra [ edit ]
In this "fast and 4️⃣ simple forerunner of Cassino", each player is dealt three cards, and five are dealt to the table. Players may trail 4️⃣ or take cards from the table, if they have cards which match the cards on the table, or if they 4️⃣ have two cards which add up to a card on the table and equal the table card's value. In this 4️⃣ game, Jacks are worth eleven points, Queens are worth twelve points and Kings are worth thirteen points. Game ends when 4️⃣ a player finally clears all the cards from the table.[23]
Tablanette [ edit ]
Tablanette is said to be of Russian provenance. 4️⃣ In this game, each player has six cards, and a player with a jack may use it to clear the 4️⃣ whole table. At the end of a round, players score points for holding the most cards, and extra points if 4️⃣ they are holding picture cards.[24]
Diloti [ edit ]
In this Greek fishing game,[25] players are dealt 6 cards. Matching face cards 4️⃣ must be captured, so that no two face cards of the same value can ever be together in the pool. 4️⃣ The scoring differs most notably in that there is no special suit, and sweeps are very valuable:
Higher number of cards: 4️⃣ 4
10 of diamonds: 2
2 of spades: 1
Each ace: 1
Each sweep (Xeri): 10 (!) extra points
See also [ edit ]
Notes [ 4️⃣ edit ]
^ According to Pratesi, at that stage, sweeps were not part of the rules, but Long admits 1 point 4️⃣ for a clearing the table, although this is not included in his summary table which may explain why Pratesi thought 4️⃣ it was absent. ^ [16] but only hinted at in Long. The rule about a court card played last clearing 4️⃣ the table is explicit in later rules, e.g. Jones (1796)but only hinted at in Long. ^ Presumably New York where 4️⃣ the rules were published.
References [ edit ]
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